Cognitive Bias (Thiên kiến nhận thức)

A systematic error in thinking that affects decisions and judgments through unconscious and automatic processes, often influenced by heuristics, social pressures, and emotions.

Bias	Description	Example
Confirmation Bias	A heuristic where we look for information that confirms our prior beliefs. We try to prove our opinion.	Assuming librarians are more introverted than real estate agents
Affect Heuristic	Making decisions based on current emotions and feelings. We make decisions based on our emotions.	Associating sunny weather with market profits
Inattentional Blindness	Failing to notice visible stimuli when focusing elsewhere. We miss things when focused on something else.	Missing the gorilla in basketball video experiment
Anchoring	Over-relying on first piece of information received. We rely too heavily on initial information.	Using first price as reference in car negotiations
Survivorship Bias	Focusing only on successful examples. We focus on the winners.	Only studying successful entrepreneurs
Availability Heuristic	Making decisions based on easily recalled information. We decide based on what comes to mind.	Overestimating dog attack risks vs home accidents
Ostrich Effect	Ignoring negative information. We avoid facing negative information.	Avoiding to check financial problems
Scope Insensitivity	Failing to scale valuation with problem size. We don’t adjust for scale.	Same willingness to save 2,000 or 200,000 birds
Dunning-Kruger Effect	Low-skilled people overestimate their abilities. We overestimate our competence.	Uninformed people being most confident in political opinions
Salience Bias	Focusing on most noticeable features. We fixate on obvious traits.	Choosing restaurants based on review quantity
Ambiguity Effect	Avoiding options with unclear outcomes. We avoid uncertainty.	Doctors preferring familiar treatments
Decision Fatigue	Decision quality deteriorates with quantity. We make worse choices over time.	Judges making better decisions after breaks

Cognitive Bias in Group

Bias	Description	Example
Bandwagon Effect	Tendency to adopt a certain behavior, style, or attitude simply because everyone else is doing it. We prefer to do things that others do.	Following fashion trends
Group polarization	Tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. Groups make more extreme decisions.	Peaceful protesters can turn into a violent crowd
In-group Bias	Tendency to favor one’s own group. We prefer our group over others.	Nationalism in sports teams
Bikeshedding	Our tendency to spend a disproportionate amount of our time on menial and trivial matters while leaving important points unattended	Effective organ donation consent rates of different countries.
Default Heuristic	Tendency to generally accept the default option in a decision-making process	Leave the default settings on a new phone or computer
Pygmalion Effect	Higher expectations lead to an increase in performance. We perform better when expected to do so.	A boss tells an employee, he/she is excited because he/she knows the employee is going to do this work well
Omission Bias	Tendency to judge harmful actions as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful omissions. We prefer inaction over action.	You see someone drowning and you don’t help, not helping is not a crime, but if you push someone into the water, it is a crime.